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规模化蛋种鸡场的未来之路——科学减负

原创 中国养鸡网   52131评论   2017-11-10 00:11

近30年来.我国鸡蛋总产量与蛋鸡总存栏量长期位居世界第一。但在蛋鸡疾病防控方面.我国距离世界蛋鸡强国仍有一定的距离。随着畜牧业生产规模不断扩大,养殖密度不断增加,斋禽感染病原机会增多。病啄变异几率大,蛋鸡主要流行疾病如禽流感、新城疫等多种烈性传染病严重威胁着蛋鸡养殖安全和公共卫生安全。蛋鸡免疫程序优化——科学减负是规模化蛋种鸡场未来的必然走向。科学减负是目前国内蛋鸡养殖企业疾病防控工作中的最重要一环。
  1、蛋鸡行业现状
  目前,我国养禽业存在很多问题。养殖不断向规模化标准化发展.但疾病仍是困扰养殖户的难题。疾病种类多,流行范围广,一旦发病损失巨大。我国是使用家禽疫苗种类最多、次数最频繁的国家,但家禽疫病流行的情况并未得到根本改善。
  由于对疾病认识不清。盲目过度免疫普遍存在全覆盖现象。即疾病全覆盖——所有疾病用免疫解决:毒株全覆盖——凡是有的毒株一一免疫:剂型全覆盖——各种剂型一个不落;日龄全覆盖——从雏鸡一出壳。各种免疫接种而至。
  这些问题导致蛋种鸡防疫成本居高不下,只鸡防疫成本高达6~8元。且防疫次数多,每只鸡的一生需要免疫35~45次,给机体造成了严重的负担。过多的免疫加大了对鸡群的应激,从而影响生产性能的发挥。此外,在这种情况下,导致疾病更难防。过度免疫会造成免疫抑制等问题。因此,科学减负的提出成为了必然。
  2、科学减负的理念
  “科学减负”,也就是科学使用疫苗,对规模化蛋种鸡场的免疫程序进行优化。使用疫苗不是越多越好,剂量越大越好。疫苗是一把双刃剑。对疾病防控来说既有有利方面又有不利方面。有利方面是疫苗可以 减少发病死亡。减轻临床症状。降低强毒感染、复制和排出:不利方面则是活疫苗有残余毒力、与野毒重组、与其他病原体和环境因素联合可致病,而灭活疫苗有副作用、注射鹿激.且还会增加劳动力成本。
  疫苗免疫仅是完整的疫病防控策略的一个组分:必须在消灭传染源、切断传播途径和提高易感畜群免疫状态三个环节上形成合力.才能有效防控疫病的流行:疫苗免疫是疫病防控的最后一道防线,而消灭传染源和切断传播途径则是第一道和第二道防线。主要靠强化生物安全来设防。
  不存在普遍适用的最佳免疫程序,因此,我们需要根据养殖场的生物安全水平、免疫(抗体)峪测和流行病学:临测以及疾病发生的风险评估对免疫程序进行优化.实行一场一策。
  3、科学减负的实施
  峪口禽业作为农业产业化国家重点龙头企业,具备资源广泛的优势,能够联合科研院所、疫苗企业共同研究蛋鸡科学减负技术。峪口禽业联合行业专家。总结40年蛋鸡疾病防控经验,建立了“12345”科学减负行动方案。为蛋种鸡场免疫程序优化保驾护航。
  一个核心
  科学减负以优化免疫程序为核心。不同疾病有不同的特点,其防控方法与关键点也不同。因此优化免疫程序应该逐一研究各个疾病特点.为每种疾病找到相应的防控策略.并找到防控的关键点进行有针对性的防控。形成“一病一策”的综合防控方案;此外,即使针对一种疾病,也没有普适的免疫程序,应该根据鸡群的场区、季节、日龄、品种、代次等特点优化其免疫程序,一场一批一策。
  两个原则
  科学减负遵循的原则是鸡群健康基础上的减负,减负使鸡群更健康。我们的目的虽然是减负。但也不是一味地减负.而是科学减负,即一定要在鸡群健康的前提下进行减负.而减负的目的则是为了使鸡群更健康.科学减负是围绕鸡群不得病、高产、稳产来进行的。因此,科学减负的目标是达到防疫成本最低化,鸡群健康最大化。
  三个规律
  科学减负要遵循三个规律:机体生理 规律。疾病发生规律和抗体消长规律。我们深入研究这三个规律,在这些规律的基础上,科学优化疾病免疫程序。机体生理规律、疾病发生规律、抗体消长规律。
  四个支撑
  科学免疫首先需要保证免疫的疫苗是有效的,有效的疫苗需要做到以下几点:
  一是疫苗毒株对型。只有疫苗毒株与流行毒株对应,才能保证有好的保护效果。
  二是抗体水平高。免疫后抗体上升好、维持时间长。
  三是应激小。免疫后鸡群无应激反应。
  四是质量稳。疫苗质量好,无外源病毒感染,且批次间质量稳定。
  科学的程序
  科学的免疫程序要结合当地情况,根据鸡体生理规律、疾病发生规律和抗体消长规律。制定一病一策,一场一策。
  免疫方法主要包括饮水免疫、滴鼻点眼、气雾免疫、刺种免疫和皮下注射。每种免疫方法从免疫器具准备、取苗、免疫、空瓶处理和器具消毒等操作都有相应的操作准则和注意事项,一定要做到操作精准、专业。
  疫苗免疫的直接目的是产生均匀有效的抗体。均匀有效的抗体是指免疫后产生抗体能够有效抵御疾病。又不造成免疫抑制。毒株并非越多越好,对型就好;抗体并非越高越好,能抵抗疾病就好。我们认为鸡群抗体集中,离散度在4个滴度以内则代表抗体均匀;毒株对型,抗体值在保护标准以上则代表抗体有效。那么,疫苗免疫后15天是否能产生均匀有效抗体则依赖于科学及时的监测手段。一般情况免疫后1个月监测抗体;秋冬季节,易感日龄鸡群每1~2个月监测1次:鸡群数量在4000只以下监测16只,4000只以上监测24只。
  五项措施
  对于场区一直未免疫的疾病。不随意增加免疫,比如败血支原体,滑液囊支原体,禽呼肠弧病毒等:对于能采用生物安全控制的疾病不采取疫苗免疫。如传染性鼻炎等:对于多年未发生或疾病已经不流行的逐步取消,如传染性喉气管炎。
  减毒株主要通过两方面来进行:一是不流行的毒株不免疫,如传支取消4/91,2886,con株、H52;二是流行毒株替代原毒株,如禽流感的6株替代5株,7株替代4株。
  减少免疫次数是科学减负的主要手段,主要通过以下几个方面进行:
  一是不敏感季节和日龄减少免疫次数。如育雏育成期、夏秋季节减少禽流感免疫。
  二:是使用高科技疫苗,减少免疫次数。如1日龄免疫法氏囊基因工程疫苗,减少育雒阶段2次免疫。
  三是使用商质量疫苗,减少免疫次数。如反向遗传构建的基网Ⅶ型新城疫疫苗,毒株对型,产生抗体高。
  四是使用联苗减少免疫次数。如使用ND+IB+EDS+H9四联疫苗替代单苗。
  在免疫时还要注意尽量减少免疫刺激对鸡群的应激。 不同的免疫方法对鸡群应激不同,要保证免疫效果的同时尽量选择免疫应激小的免疫方法,此外免疫时也要注意鸡群状态和免疫时问问隔。

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